Chart information for Health staff
How the UK-WHO Charts work
The UK–WHO growth chart combines World Health Organization (WHO) standards with UK 1990 preterm and birth data:
- The chart for birth measurements (32 –42 weeks gestation) is based on British children measured around 1990.
- The chart from 2 weeks to 4 years of age is based on the WHO growth standard, derived from measurements of healthy, non-deprived, breast-fed children of mothers who did not smoke.
- The UK 1990 growth reference for children is used from 4 years - 18 years.
- The charts depict a healthy pattern of growth that is desirable for all children, whether breast-fed or formula-fed, and of whichever ethnic origin.
Reason for combining UK 1990 and WHO 2006
Though the UK 1990 data spans 23 weeks gestation to 20 years old, it also includes children who were bottle-fed and breast-fed. Thus, the breast-fed cohort from the WHO 2006 cohort were deemed more accurate and replaced the UK 1990 for the 2 week to 4 year age groups. As the UK 1990 data are no longer used for children in this age bracket, they have been omitted to create a continuous data set.
The final dataset has 4 parts:
- Pre-term (up to 42 weeks)
- Infants (under 2 years)
- WHO 2006 children (< 4 years)
- UK 1990 children (4 years - 18 years)
Where datasets overlap, there are 2 ages at the junction, one from each of UK90 and WHO 2006. There is a purposeful step at the junction between the data sets.
Instructions for the Trisomy 21 (Down's Syndrome) charts
The PDF linked below was produced in 2012 to accompany the Trisomy 21 (Down's Syndrome) charts. In due course, we will update and reformat the text and adapt the presentation for the API version of the charts. Note that the trisomy 21 AAP (USA) reference is also supported.
PDF Down's Syndrome Chart Information (2012)
Centile Terminology
These charts indicate a child’s size compared with children of the same age and maturity who have shown optimum growth. The chart also shows how quickly a child is growing. The centile lines on the chart show the expected range of weights and heights (or lengths); each describes the number of children expected to be below that line (e.g. 50% below 50th, 91% below the 91st). Children come in all shapes and sizes, but 99 out of 100 children, who are growing optimally, will be between the two outer lines (0.4th and 99.6th centiles); half will lie between the 25th and 75th centile lines.
Being very small or very big can sometimes be associated with underlying illness. There is no single threshold below which a child’s weight or height is definitely abnormal, but only 4 per 1000 children who are growing optimally are below the 0.4th centile, so these children should be assessed at some point to exclude any problems. Those above the 99.6th centile for height are almost always healthy. The BMI should be calculated if weight and height centiles appear very different.
Measuring children
Anyone who measures a child, plots or interprets charts should be suitably trained, or be supervised by someone qualified to do so. For further information and training materials, see the RCPCH website.
Clothing and nappies
- When measuring children up to 2 years, remove all clothes and nappy.
- Children older than 2 years should wear minimal clothing only.
- Always remove the child's shoes.
- Weight: use only Class III clinical electronic scales in metric setting.
- Length: (before 2 years of age): proper equipment is essential (length board or mat). Measurers should be trained.
- Height: (from 2 years): position head and feet as illustrated, with child standing as straight as possible. Measure height recorded to the last millimetre. A correctly installed stadiometer, or approved portable measuring device rigid rule with T piece, is the only equipment that can be reliably used.
- Head circumference: use a narrow plastic or paper tape to measure where the head circumference is greatest.
Frequently Asked Questions
When to weigh?
Babies should be weighed in the first week, as part of the assessment of feeding, and after as needed. Recovery of birthweight indicates that feeding is effective and the child is well. Once feeding is established, babies should usually be weighed at around 8, 12 and 16 weeks and 1 year at the time of routine immunisations.
Weights measured too close together may be misleading, but if there are concerns about faltering growth, weight should be measured more often, but usually no more often than:
- daily if less than 1 month old.
- weekly between 1–6 months old.
- fortnightly between 6–12 months.
- monthly from 1 year of age.
When to measure length or height?
Length or height should be measured whenever there are any worries about a child’s weight gain, growth or general health. Measure length until age 2; measure height after age 2. A child’s height is usually slightly less than their length.
How to assess weight loss after birth?
Weight gain in the early days varies a lot from baby to baby, however, by 2 weeks of age most babies will be on a centile close to their birth centile. Most babies lose some weight in the first 3-4 days after birth, but most have regained birth weight by 3 weeks of age. Careful clinical assessment and evaluation of feeding technique is indicated when weight loss exceeds 10% or recovery of birth weight is slow.
Calculating the percentage weight loss is a useful way to identify babies who need assessment. Percentage weight loss can be calculated as follows:
For example, a child born at 3.500kg who drops to 3.150kg at 5 days has lost 350g or 10%; in a baby born at 3.000kg, a 300g loss is 10%.
What is a normal rate of weight gain and growth?
Babies do not all grow at the same rate, so a baby’s weight often does not follow a particular centile line, especially in the first year. Weight is most likely to track within one centile space (the gap between two centile lines, see diagram). In infancy, acute illness can lead to sudden weight loss and a weight centile fall, but on recovery the child’s weight usually returns to its normal centile within 2–3 weeks. However, a sustained drop through 2 or more weight centile spaces is unusual (fewer than 2% of infants), and should be carefully assessed by the primary care team, including measuring length/height.
Because it is difficult to measure length and height accurately in pre-school children, successive measurements commonly show wide variation. If there are worries about growth, it is useful to measure occasionally over time; most healthy children will show a stable average position over time.
UK children have relatively large heads compared to the WHO standard, particularly after the age of 6 months. After the age of 6 weeks, a head circumference below the 2nd centile will be seen in only 1 in 250 children. A head circumference above the 99.6th centile, or crossing upwards through 2 centile spaces, should only cause concern if there is a continued rise after 6 months, or other signs or symptoms.
Why do the length/height centiles change at 2 years?
The growth standards show length data up to 2 years of age, and height from age 2 onwards. When a child is measured standing up, the spine is squashed a little, so their height is slightly less than their length; the centile lines shift down slightly at age 2 to allow for this. It is important this difference does not worry parents; what matters is whether the child continues to follow the same centile after the transition.
When is further assessment required in school aged children?
If any of the following occur:
- Where weight or height or BMI is below the 0.4th centile, unless already fully investigated at an earlier age.
- If the height centile is more than 3 centile spaces below the mid-parental centile.
- A drop in height centile position of more than 2 centile spaces, as long as measurement error has been excluded.
- Smaller centile falls or discrepancies between child’s and mid-parental centile, if seen in combination, or if associated with possible underlying disease.
- If there are any other concerns about the child’s growth.
How do SDS charts work?
Centiles are derived mathematically from standard deviation scores (SDS), also known as z scores. These values in turn are related to p values - the probability of finding a child with a given measurement in a sample. An SDS of 0 equates to the 50th centile, with positive values relating to centiles above this, and a negative value relating to centiles below. The benefit of reporting and charting SDS rather than centiles is that values can all be plotted on the same chart. It is important to note that plotting the z score against age must be against the corrected age, not the chronological one, as the chart otherwise becomes crowded and hard to interpret.
Calculations as yet not implemented in the API
Weight–height to BMI conversion chart
BMI indicates how heavy a child is relative to his or her height and is the simplest measure of thinness and fatness from the age of 2, when height can be measured fairly accurately. In a child over 2 years of age, the BMI centile is a better indicator of overweight or underweight than the weight centile; a child whose weight is average for their height will have a BMI between the 25th and 75th centiles, whatever their height centile. BMI above the 91st centile suggests that the child is overweight; a child above the 98th centile is very overweight (clinically obese). BMI below the 2nd centile is unusual and may reflect under-nutrition.
Percentage median BMI
The child or young person's BMI is compared with the median value for age and sex and expressed as a percentage. It is used mainly for risk assessment in eating disorders.
Mid-Parental Height
When assessing a child's stature, comparing their height centile against that of their parents is helpful for clinicians, to find out if the child is short or tall for the family. How this is calculated has been debated in the medical literature and clinicians often use a simple calculation which involves adding 13 cm to a mother's height or subtracting 13 cm from a father's height and then taking the average. The RCPCH charts have a calculator however that uses to research on large numbers of children to show that a more accurate way is to find the mid-parental centile is to take an average of the parents' height z-scores (standard deviation scores) and multiply this by a factor calculated from linear regression in a large cohort of children. This has the effect of correct mid-parental particularly where there is a large difference in heights between parents. This is shown on the RCPCH growth charts in an inset on the top right-hand corner of the charts. The methodology is repeated in the digital growth chart calculations. For more information on this, see: The strengths and limitations of parental heights as a predictor of attained height, Charlotte M Wright, Tim D Cheetham, Arch Dis Child 1999;81:257–260
An improvement on the paper charts is added to the digital charts where the mid-parental height centile ranges are shown on the chart next to the latest plotted measurements.
Predicting adult height
Parents like to know how tall their child will be as an adult. The child’s most recent height centile (aged 2–4 years) gives a good idea of this for healthy children. Plot this centile on the adult height predictor to the right of the height chart to find the average adult height for children on this centile. Four out of five children will have adult heights that are within ± 6cm of this value.
Adult Height Predictor
The paper-based Adult Height Predictor allowed you to predict the child’s adult height based on their current height, but with a regression adjustment to allow for the tendency of very tall and short children to be less extreme in height as adults. Four girls out of five will have an adult height within ± 6cm of the predicted adult height.
Info
Adult Height Prediction is an upcoming feature of the Digital Growth Chart API